The required equipment for automatic titration include an automatic titrator equipped with a burette, a standardized titrant, a volumetric pipette (to measure the sample volume) or analytical balance (to measure or weigh a sample), a beaker, a sensor, and a stirring mechanism. The automatic titrator must have an accurate liquid-dispensing system. In high accuracy systems, this is typically a motor-driven piston burette, a valve system to switch between titrant inlet and outlet, and a titration tip to dispense the titrant into the sample solution. These three main subsystems must be as accurate as possible, with very low gear backlash in the burette drive mechanism, low piston seal flexing, accurate burette glass cylinder diameter, low dead volume in the valve, minimal evaporation/permeation and chemically resistant tubing. Standards and Standardization One of the substances involved in a titration must be used as a standard for which the amount of substance present is accurately known. The standard can be present either in the form of a pure substance or as a solution. The titrant solution can be standardized in two ways; using a primary standard, or more commonly, titrating it against a previously standardized solution. 4 Titration 4.3 www.hannainst.com | introduction
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