Ozone Ozone is a very strong oxidizing agent that destroys organic compounds that are especially di¤cult to oxidize. It allows the pool manager to very e¤ciently remove combined chlorine without frequently refreshing large amounts of pool water. By the time the water passes through the ¡lter units, ozone has already completed sanitizing, and it is not eected by the pH level. Mainly because of its strong oxidizing power, the return water may contain trace concentrations of ozone. It imperative to know that ozone is very unstable, so to ensure thorough sanitization of the water, low-level chlorination remains necessary. The Water Balance and Langelier Index Pool water characteristics need to be maintained in a balanced state to avoid numerous issues. Measuring certain variables is extremely important to predict if the water is corrosive or will cause scaling. A saturation index developed by Dr. Wilfred Langelier is widely used to predict the balance of swimming pool waters. It represents the estimation of a solutions ability to dissolve or precipitate calcium carbonate deposits. A certain level of this precipitation (¡lming) is desired to insulate pipes and boilers from contact with water. When no protective ¡lming is formed, water is considered to be corrosive. On the other hand, too much ¡lming can develop into scaling and incrustation of the pipes. In the treatment and monitoring of pool water, the pool manager must ensure that related parameters such as alkalinity, hardness, and pH are carefully monitored in addition to sanitizing chemicals. Calcium The presence of calcium in the system is desired to ensure ¡lming on those places where the temperature is relatively high, like in boilers and pipes transporting warm water. Scaling must be avoided because it reduces heat transfer and pump capacity, and causes cloudiness in the water. It is recommended to maintain the calcium hardness value within the range from 200 to 400 ppm as calcium carbonate (CaCO²). Alkalinity Alkalinity is the measure of the total concentration of alkaline substances, mostly bicarbonates, dissolved in the water. The higher the alkalinity, the more resistant the water is to pH change. At the same time, high alkaline water is a major contributor to scaling problems like incrustation in ¡ltration equipment, pumps, and piping. It is recommended to maintain the alkalinity value within the range from 80 to 125 ppm as calcium carbonate (CaCO²). pH The pH of the water is an important factor since at lower pH levels the corrosion rate increases. If the alkalinity values are su¤ciently high, it will not be di¤cult to control the pH. Most pool managers prefer to keep the pH between 7.2 and 7.4 to best maintain low corrosion rates and a su¤cient activity of chlorine. 10 Photometers 10.56 | www.hannainst.com benchtop
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